The Giuoco Piano (Italian: "quiet game") is the oldest recorded opening. White's "Italian bishop" at c4 prevents Black from advancing in the center with ... d5 and attacks the vulnerable f7 square. White plans to dominate the center with d2-d4 and to attack the Black king. Black aims to free his game by exchanging pieces and playing the pawn break ... d5, or to hold his center pawn at e5.